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Annotation guidelines

Table of contents

Introduction
General instructions
Entities
Entity Linking
Examples
References

Status. This is a draft version. –>

Introduction

These guidelines are aimed to support manual annotation of the Reichsanzeiger newspapers for NER & NEL tasks.

Application context. Our ultimate goal is to recognize and link the named entities from the historical newspaper Reichsanzeiger. It’s roughly 500 thousands pages for years 1819-1945.

The main language of the newspapers is German. The tiny parts are written in French, English, Spanish, Latin and Portuguese.

Methodology. These guidelines are created iteratively via:

Adapting the existing annotation guidelines [1-4] on historical German texts for NER/NEL tasks (mainly [1] based on the annotation guidelines for French texts [5]),
Analysing the sample pages from the Reichsanzeiger.

General instructions

Manual annotators shall use only subtypes and components. The only exception is the type EVENT: the events should be annotated as EVENT.

Entity types and subtypes

The types and their subtypes categorize a named entity. This is the first level of annotation referring to a general segmentation of words into major categories [6]. The taxonomy follows mainly [1] and [5], which are consistent except of the EVENT type (see the Source-column).

Type	Subtypes	The entity refers to	Source
PER	PER.ind	an individual (a proper name should be a part of the entity)	p.21 [5]; p.9 [1]
	PER.coll	more than one individual (a proper name should be a part of the entity)	p.21 [5]; p.9 [1]
ORG	ORG.adm	an organisation which plays a mainly administrative role	p.31 [5]; p.15 [1]
	ORG.ent	an organisation which doesn’t play a mainly administrative role	p.29 [5]; p.14 [1]
LOC	LOC.adm	a territory with a geopolitical border (e.g., cities, city districts, countries & continents)	p.32 [5]; p.15 [1]
	LOC.phys	a physical location (e.g., mountains, rivers & planets)	p.34 [5]; p.17 [1]
	LOC.oro	an oronym (e.g., are streets, squares, roads & highways)	p.35 [5]; p.18 [1]
	LOC.fac	named buildings (train station & museum), named constructions (gates & bridges) & their extensions (stadium & campus); a physical location of an organisation	p.36 [5]; p.19 [1]
	LOC.add	physical & electronic addresses	p.37 [5]; p.20 [1]
PROD	PROD.media	media production (e.g., newspapers, magazines & sales catalogues)	p.41 [5]; p.22 [1]
TIME	TIME.date.abs	an absolute date (specific date, not a relative date; the dates containing only a day and a month, a month and a year, only a year or only a century)	p.57 [5]; p.23 [1]
	TIME.range	a time interval between two absolute dates	-
EVENT	EVENT	an event	p.63 [5]

Components

Components categorize the elements inside a named entity. This is the second level of annotation helping to determine the named entity type and to set the named entity boundaries [6]. The components can never be used outside the scope of a type or subtype element [6]. A named entity can consist of one or more components as well as the parts without components. The components of the type PERSON are:

Component	Description
COMP.name	first, middle and last names as well as nickname and initials of a person
COMP.title	title or designator of a person
COMP.func	a function or job of a named person
COMP.qualifier	specifies a person in the form of a qualifying adjective
COMP.demonym	the geographical origin of a person

Annotators shall annotate components only for named entities of type person.

Nested entities and special constructions

Nested entities. A nested entity is an entity nested in another entity or in entity component. There are no limits on nesting levels during annotation.

Components of nested entities. In contrast to [1], components of nested entities are also annotated.

Ambiguities

Unsolvable entity type ambiguities.

Despite our efforts to annotate ambiguous entity types (e.g., firms named after individuals as both PER.ind and ORG.adm), we found that consistent resolution was not always feasible.

Metonymy.

Metonymy was explored as a potential linguistic phenomenon in our analysis, but we ultimately found it to be of limited relevance to the specific entities present in our dataset.

Entities

Person (PER)

Subtypes

PER.ind: the entity refers to an individual.
PER.coll: the entity refers to more than one individual. A proper name should be a part of the entity.

Coverage of the type Person

Considered as Person:
- real person (e.g., Karl August von Hardenberg)
- imaginary characters and characters of literature pieces (e.g., Marthe Schwerdtlein)
- religious figures (God)
- titles if they can be distinctively attributed to one person for ex. via date (e.g., Se. Koͤnigl. Hoheit der Herzog von Cumberland, Kaiser der Franzosen)
- firm names that are the name of a person as well
Not considered as Person: (TO DO: decide on this keeping in mind the entity linking task)
- expressions without a proper name except expressions containing title and demonym or expressions that can be clearly attributed to one person via time (e.g., Großherzog von Baden, Kaiser der Franzosen)
- demonyms which do not modify a proper name (e.g., preußischer Staatsbürger)
- isolated functions not attached to a person name
- abbreviation of names that are only one letter (e.g., A.)
Considered as Person.Collective:
- more than one individual containing a proper name (e.g., )
- royal courts (e.g., Kaiserlicher Russischer Hofstaat)
- firms with several partners (e.g.,
Not considered as Person.Collective:
- citizens or residents of certain geographic areas (e.g., Herren H.F. Fetschow & Sohn)
- Löwenberger, Plagwitzer, die letzten Franzoſen)
- families if it is not clear which family members are included
- members of an institution that frequently change (e.g., Reichstagsabgeordnete)
- if something is both PER.coll and ORG.ent both entities are added

specific heuristics for Person

Quartett + name (music) is annotated PER.coll (e.g.,Schwedisches National Damen Doppel Quartett)
We treated surnames with “von” and a city and surnames with a religious title and a city by annotating both COMP.func and COMP.demonym (examples can be found in the tricky cases section) -> Page 13 in [1]

Person Components

COMP.func (a function or job of a named person):
- an occupation, profession or specialty (e.g., Zimmermann, Richter)
- an administrative function in public or private area (e.g., Vorsitzender, Außenminister)
- titles of advising officials (Wirklicher Geheimer Rat, Landrat, Landrath a. D.)
- social roles and status (e.g., Häftling)
- tasks (command, directorate) that describe the function of a specific person (e.g., Führung der 29. Kav. Brig., Höchstkommandirenden des X. Armee Corps, Direktion, Regie: Emil Hahn )
- roles (for ex. Pastor (both military and civilian), Archimandriten) within the church
- family relations (e.g.,Gemahlin / Ehefrau von …, siblings)
- certain adjectives: ehemalig / früher / emeritiert/ ausgeschiedener/ geschäftsleitend/ verw. (abbreviation for verwitwet = widowed)
- a function always includes the organization, place or specialization attached to it [1]
COMP.title (title or designator of a person):
- a civil or honorific prefix (e.g., Frau, Herr, Damen, Herren, Dlle. (demoiselle) Dr., Majestät, königliche Hoheit), military titles (e.g., General, Leutnant), nobility titles and royal titles (Fürstin, Gräfin, Herzog, Ritter, Junker)
- specifications of doctorates (e.g., Dr. jur., Dr. rer. nat.)
- titles that a
- re both civil and military titles (e.g., Kapitän)
- certain adjectives if a title follows are added to COMP.tilte: ehemalig, früher, emeritiert, ausgeschiedener, Abbreviation “a. D.“
- Functions (Wehrmann, Reservisten, Arbeitssoldat II. Klasse, Einjährig-Freiwilliger) within the military that are not titles are annotated
COMP.qualifier (specifies a person in the form of a qualifying adjective):
- any adjective qualifying the entity (e.g., sozialistische, senior, III., verantwortlich, verstorben)
COMP.name (first, middle and last names as well as nickname and initials of a person):
- covers first-, middle-, last- and nickname (e.g., Karl)
- names of noble families if the name is not related to a location (e.g., von Humboldt)
COMP.demonym (the geographical origin of a person):
- a noun or adjective that identifies residents of a particular place (e.g., Bayerische)
- a preposition that identifies the origin of a person (in, aus, zu not in)
- names of noble families if the name is related to a location (e.g., von Solms-Lych)
- if locations are separable, they are annotated individually: see example
- if two locations are not separable, they are annotated together (e.g., Rahm⸗Reg.⸗Bez. Düſſeldorf)

specific heuristics for Person Components

COMP.func: both civilian and military doctors are annotated as COMP.func

Tricky cases for Person

cases of PER.coll:

Prinzeßinen Töchtern, Amalie und Maria.

<PER.coll>
    <COMP.title>Prinzeßinen</COMP.title>
    Töchtern,
    <COMP.name>Amalie</COMP.name>
    und
    <COMP.name>Maria</COMP.name>
</PER.coll>

Kommandeurs des Ordens des Heiligen Geiſtes den Kardinal de la Luzerne, den Kardinal de Bausset, den Erzbiſchof von Bordeaux und den Abbe Montesquiou.

<PER.coll>
    <COMP.func>Kommandeurs des
        <ORG.ent>Ordens des Heiligen Geiſtes</ORG.ent>
    </COMP.func>
    den
    <PER.ind>
        <COMP.func>Kardinal</COMP.func>
        de la
        <COMP.demonym>Luzerne</COMP.demonym>
    </PER.ind>,
    den 
    <PER.ind>
        <COMP.func>Kardinal</COMP.func>
        <COMP.name>de Bausset</COMP.name>
    </PER.ind>,
    <PER.ind>
        den
        <COMP.func>Erzbiſchof</COMP.func>
        <COMP.demonym>von Bordeaux</COMP.demonym>
    </PER.ind>
    und
    <PER.ind>
        den
        <COMP.func>Abbe</COMP.func>
        Montesquiou
    </PER.ind>
</PER.coll>

Herzog und die Herzogin von Angouleme

<PER.coll>
        <COMP.title>Herzog</COMP.title>
    und die 
        <COMP.title>Herzogin</COMP.title>
    <COMP.name>von Angouleme</COMP.name>
</PER.coll>

Prinzen Karl, Louis, und Ferdinand zu Solms⸗Lych

<PER.coll>
          <COMP.title>Prinzen</COMP.title>
          <PER.ind> Karl</PER.ind>, 
          <PER.ind> Louis</PER.ind>
          ,und 
          <PER.ind> Ferdinand</PER.ind>
          <COMP.demonym> zu Solms⸗Lych</COMP.demonym>
</PER.coll>

Geſchwiſter Laura, Amalie und Giſela Neumann

<PER.coll>
     <COMP.func>Geſchwiſter</COMP.func>
     <PER.ind>Laura</PER.ind>,
     <PER.ind>Amalie</PER.ind>
     und
     <PER.ind> Giſela</PER.ind>
     <COMP.name> Neumann</COMP.name>
</PER.coll>

Kaufleute G. Rosenthal

<PER.coll>
    <COMP.func> Kaufleute </COMP.func>
    <ORG.ent><PER.ind> G. Rosenthal </PER.ind> & Co.</ORG.ent>
</PER.coll>

Gebr. Jückstock

<PER.coll>
   Gebr.
   <COMP.name>Jückstock</COMP.name>
</PER.coll>

Firma J. Tiſcher Nachfolger (Gebr. Gerich)

 <ORG.ent>Firma
      <PER.ind>J. Tiſcher</PER.ind>
</ORG.ent> Nachfolger
(<PER.coll>Gebr. Gerich</PER.coll>)

Herren H.F. Fetschow & Sohn

<PER.coll>
       <COMP.title> Herren </COMP.title>
       <ORG.ent>
            <PER.ind>H.F. Fetschow </PER.ind>
       & Sohn</ORG.ent>
</PER.coll>

Russischer Hof

<PER.coll>Russisch Kaiserlicher Hof </PER.coll>

The expressions containing title and demonym are annotated:

Großherzog von Baden

<PER.ind>
    <COMP.title>Großherzog></COMP.title> 
    <COMP.demonym>von Baden</COMP.demonym>
</PER.ind>

Se. Köngl. Hoheit der Herzog von Cumberland

<PER.ind>
    <COMP.title>Se. Köngl. Hoheit</COMP.title>
    der
    <COMP.title>Herzog</COMP.title>
    <COMP.demonym>von Cumberland</COMP.demonym>
</PER.ind>

Königl. Preußische Lieutentant im Garde-Uhlanen-Regimente, Graf Ratibor von Werßowitz zu Potsdam

<PER.ind>
    <COMP.title>Königl. Preußische Lieutentant im
        <ORG.ent>Garde-Uhlanen-Regimente </ORG.ent>
    </COMP.title>
    ,
    <COMP.title>Graf</COMP.title>
    <COMP.name>Ratibor</COMP.name>
    <COMP.demonym>von Werßowitz</COMP.demonym>
   <COMP.demonym>zu Potsdam</COMP.demonym>
</PER.ind>

ehemalige Gouverneur von Catalonien, Graf Espagne

<PER.ind>
    <COMP.qualifier>ehemalige</COMP.qulifier>
    <COMP.func>Gouverneur</COMP.func>
    <COMP.demonym>von Catalonien</COMP.demonym>
    ,
    <COMP.title>Graf</COMP.title>
    <COMP.name>Espagne</COMP.name>
</PER.ind>

Abbe Montesquiou

<PER.ind>
    <COMP.func>Abbe</COMP.func>
    <COMP.demonym>Montesquiou</COMP.demonym>
</PER.ind>

Kardinal de la Luzerne

<PER.ind>
    <COMP.func>Kardinal</COMP.func>
    de
    <COMP.demonym> la Luzerne</COMP.demonym>
</PER.ind>

Erzbiſchof von Bordeaux

<PER.ind>
    den
    <COMP.func>Erzbiſchof </COMP.func>
    <COMP.demonym>von Bordeaux</COMP.demonym>
</PER.ind>

Nested entities with components are also annotated:

Se. Exc. der General⸗Lieutenant, diesſeitiger außerordentlicher Geſandter und bevollmaͤchtigter Miniſter am Rußiſch Kaiſerlichen Hofe Freiherr von Schoͤler.

<PER.ind>
    <COMP.title>Se. Exc. der General⸗Lieutenant</COMP.title>,
    <COMP.func>diesſeitiger außerordentlicher Geſandter</COMP.func>
    und
    <COMP.func>bevollmaͤchtigter Miniſter am
       <PER.coll>Rußiſch Kaiſerlichen Hofe</PER.coll>
    </COMP.func>
    <COMP.title>Freiherr</COMP.title>
    <COMP.name>von Schoͤler</COMP.name>
</PER.ind>

Britiſche General⸗Konſul in Tripolis, Herr Warrington

<PER.ind>
     <COMP.func>
     <COMP.demonym>Britiſche</COMP.demonym>
      General⸗Konſul in
     <LOC.adm>Tripolis</LOC.adm>
     </COMP.func>
     ,Herr
     <COMP.name>Warrington</COMP.name>
</PER.ind>

Sr. hochfürſtlichen Durchl. des Prinzen Friedrich, Sohnes Sr. Hoheit des Kurprinzen.

<PER.ind> 
    <COMP.title>Sr. hochfürſtlichen Durchl.</COMP.title> 
    des
    <COMP.title>Prinzen</COMP.title> 
    <COMP.name>Friedrich</COMP.name>,
    <COMP.func>Sohnes
         <PER.ind> 
              <COMP.title>Sr. Hoheit</COMP.title>
              des
              <COMP.title>Kurprinzen </COMP.title>
          </PER.ind>
   </COMP.func> 
</PER.ind>

Kaiſerlich Oeſterreichſche Kabinets⸗Kourier Vardioro.

<PER.ind>
    <COMP.title>Kaiſerlich></COMP.title> 
    <COMP.demonym>Oeſterreichſche</COMP.demonym>
    <COMP.func>Kabinets⸗Kourier</COMP.func>
    <COMP.name>Vardioro</COMP.name>
</PER.ind>

Frau von Lepel, geb. v. d. Lanken

<PER.ind> Frau von 
     <COMP.name> Lepel </COMP.name>
     , geb. v. d. 
     <COMP.name> Lanken </COMP.name> 
 </PER.ind>

Staats⸗Sekretair und Chef⸗Praͤſident der Haupt⸗Bank Frieſe

<PER.ind>
         <COMP.func>Staats⸗Sekretair</COMP.func>
         und
         <COMP.func> Chef⸗Praͤſident der 
                <ORG.adm>Haupt⸗Bank</ORG.adm>
         </COMP.func> 
         <COMP.name> Frieſe</COMP.name>
</PER.ind>

other cases:

Nange sdorf, Sec. Lt. von demſ. Regt.

<PER.ind>
 <COMP.name>Nange sdorf</COMP.name>,
<COMP.title>Sec. Lt.</COMP.title>
von demſ. Regt.
</PER.ind>

Professor der Theologie an der Universität Würzburg, Dr. Stein

<PER.ind>
   <COMP.title>Professor der Theologie an der Universität Würzburg </COMP.title>,
   <COMP.title>Dr.</COMP.title>
   <COMP.name>Stein </COMP.name>
</PER.ind>

Gemahlin des Geheimen Kommerzien-Raths Henschel zu Kassel

<PER.ind>
     <COMP.func>Gemahlin</COMP.func>
     des
     <PER.ind>
         <COMP.func>Geheimen Kommerzien-Raths</COMP.func>
         <COMP.name>Henschel</COMP.name>
         <COMP.demonym>zu Kassel</COMP.demonym>
     </PER.ind>
</PER.ind>

verehelichte Klempnermeister Jasch, Louise, geborne Berger, zu Nieder-Hermsdorf

<PER.ind>
   <COMP.func>verehelichte
       <PER.ind>
          <COMP.func>Klempnermeister</COMP.func>
          <COMP.name>Jasch</COMP.name>
        </PER.ind>
    </COMP.func>,
    <COMP.name>Louise</COMP.name>,
    geborne <COMP.name>Berger</COMP.name>,
   <COMP.demonym>zu Nieder-Hermsdorf</COMP.demonym>
</PER.ind>

könglich schwedischer Major Nyguist im Generalstabe

<PER.ind>
     <COMP.title>könglich schwedischer Major </COMP.title>
     <COMP.name> Nyguist <COMP.name>
</PER.ind>
im Generalstabe

-> if Generalstabe were after title it would have been included in title

Oberförſter Joly zu Rahm bei Großenbaum, Reg.⸗Bez. Düſſeldorf

<PER.ind>
    <COMP.func>Oberförſter</COMP.func>
    <COMP.name>Joly</COMP.name>
    <COMP.demonym>zu Rahm</COMP.demonym>
</PER.ind>
bei
<LOC.adm>Großenbaum</LOC.adm>,
<LOC.adm>Reg.⸗Bez. Düſſeldorf</LOC.adm>

Organization (ORG)

Subtypes

ORG.adm: an organisation which plays a mainly administrative role.
ORG.ent: an organisation which doesn’t play a mainly administrative role

Coverage of the type Organization

Considered as Organization:
- registered organizations
- museums, institutes, universities, libraries (annotate as ORG.ent)
- restaraunts (annotate as ORG.ent)
- military units (annotate as ORG.ent)
- political parties (annotate as ORG.ent)
- firms (annotate as ORG.ent)
- hospitals (annotate as ORG.ent)
- factories (annotated as ORG.ent, e.g., vereinigten rheinisch-westfälische Pulverfabriken, Conſolidirtes Braunkohlen⸗Bergwerk Marie bei Atzendorf)
- railways (annotated as ORG.ent, e.g., Kerkerbachbahn)
- press agencies (annotate as ORG.ent, e.g., W.T.B.)
- exchanges (annotate as ORG.ent but not linked, e.g., Berliner Börse)
- chamber of commerce (annotate as ORG.ent)
- armies of a country (annotate as ORG.ent, e.g., Preußische Armee)
- if something is both PER.coll and ORG.ent both entities are added
- parliaments (annotate as ORG.adm, e.g., Reichstag, Unterhaus)
- governments if it is known what they govern (annotated as ORG.adm, e.g., französische Regierung, Regierung von Köln)
- ministeries (annotated as ORG.adm)
- military authorities (Militärbehörde) (annotate as ORG.adm)
- courts of justice (annotate as ORG.adm)
- public prosecution service (Staatsanwaltschaft) (annotate as ORG.adm)
- central banks (Zentralbank, Reichsbank) (annotate as ORG.adm)
- departments if the organization to which they belong is known (e.g., Militär-Medizinal-Abtheilung des Kriegsministeriums)
- former names of an organization are added (vorm.)
- organisations that are distinctive (exist only once) are annotated without the location
- a location is added to the annotation if it is part of the name (for ex. Königlichen Eiſenbahn⸗Direktion Berlin)
Not considered as Organization:
- theaters (annotate it as LOC.fac)
- departments if the organization to which they belong is unknown (e.g., Abtheilung des Innern)
- governments if it is unknown what they govern (annotated as ORG.adm, e.g., Kaiserliche Regierung, Regierung in/zu Cöln)

specific heuristics

Bundesrat, Bern are seperately annotated
Königliche Regierungs-Hauptkasse, Königlichen Staatsschulden-Tilgungskasse etc. (annotate as ORG.adm)
banks that are named after a person (anntoate as ORG.ent & PER.ind or PER.coll)
Reserve (milit.) (annotate as ORG.ent)
other organisations: Police, roman church, schools, international committees, orphanages are annotated as well
mail system:
Postanstalten, Postämter are annotated as ORG.ent if they are specific (e.g., General-Postamt/ Reichspostamt)
Postverwaltung is annotated as ORG.adm
Post is annotated as ORG.ent
Not considered as Organization:
- Köngl. Preußische Lotterie not annotated
- Regierung in/zu Cöln not annotated

Tricky cases for Organization

Blücherſchen Heere

<ORG.ent>
    <PER.ind>Blücherſchen></PER.ind> 
    Heere
</ORG.ent>

Herren H.F. Fetschow & Sohn

<PER.coll>
      <COMP.title> Herren </COMP.title>
      <ORG.ent>
        <PER.ind>H.F. Fetschow </PER.ind>& Sohn
      </ORG.ent>
</PER.coll>

Pariser Bijoutier Odiot

<ORG.ent>
     Pariser
     Bijoutier
     <PER.ind>Odiot</PER.ind>
 </ORG.ent> 

Niederländische Regierung

<ORG.adm>niederländische Regierung</ORG.adm>

Justizkommission des Reichstages

<ORG.adm>Justizkommission des Reichstages</ORG.adm>

Militär-Medizinal-Abtheilung des Kriegsministeriums

<ORG.adm> Militär-Medizinal-Abtheilung des
      <ORG.adm> Kriegsministeriums </ORG.adm>
</ORG.adm>

Königliches Handelsgericht-Sekretariat

<ORG.adm>Königliches Handelsgericht-Sekretariat</ORG.adm>

Firma: Philipp Cullmann

<ORG.ent> Firma:
   <PER.ind> Philipp Cullmann </PER.ind>
</ORG.ent>

Lehranſtalt der Jeſuiten in Sikawei

<ORG.ent>Lehranſtalt der Jeſuiten in Sikawei</ORG.ent>

Hôtel Zulaſt in Mülheim a. d. Ruhr

<ORG.ent>Hôtel Zulaſt</ORG.ent> in Mülheim a. d. Ruhr

Firma J. Tiſcher Nachfolger Gebr. Gerich

 <ORG.ent>Firma
     <PER.ind>J. Tiſcher</PER.ind>
</ORG.ent> Nachfolger
(<PER.coll>Gebr. Gerich</PER.coll>)

Actien-Gesellschaft für Eisen-Industrie und Brückenbau vorm. J. C. Harkort

<ORG.ent>Actien-Gesellschaft für Eisen-Industrie und Brückenbau vorm.    
     <PER.ind>J. C. Harkort</PER.ind>
</ORG.ent>

Location (LOC)

Subtypes

LOC.adm: a territory with a geopolitical border (e.g., cities, countries & continents)
LOC.fac: named buildings (train station & museum) & their extensions (stadium & campus); a physical location of an organisation
LOC.oro: an oronym (e.g., are streets, squares, roads & highways)
LOC.phys: a physical location (e.g., mountains, rivers & planets)

Coverage of the type Location

Considered as Location:
Considered as LOC.adm:
- ancient cities (e.g. Pompeii)
- Islands
- administrative areas of the church (e.g., Diözese)
- if a state is named with the city (e.g., Königsberg (Ostpr.)) both are annotated individually
- the discription of the administrative region (e.g., Gemeinde, Kreise) is included in the annotation
- if a river is named with the city (e.g., Ludwigshafen, Rhein) the river is included in annotation
considered LOC.fac:
- specific buildings: military buildings, theaters etc. (e.g., Schloss Mannheim, Theaters, train stations)
- building that only exist once in a city (e.g., Stadt-Theater in Berlin) are annotated with the following city
- unspecific buildings (e.g., Haus)
considered LOC.phys:
- Gardens and (national)parcs (e.g. Jardin des Tuileries)
- specific river banks (e.g. rechtes Rhein Ufer)
- valleys (e.g.,Moselthal)
Not considered as LOC.adm:
- regions without clear borders (e.g., Ostafrika, Ostindien)
- if a location is written as an adjective (e.g., Spanisch)
- colonies that can not be attributed to a specific geographical location (e.g., Spaniſchen Kolonieen)
Not considered as LOC.add:
- street names without a house number
Not considered as LOC.fac:
- ports
Specifications (e.g., island, colony etc.) of locations are annotated as well
In case of locations that can’t be clealy attributed to a city or another location because they are both a city and a location with the same name exist (for example: Samos -> is both city and island) no QID is assigned
if two locations are separable, they are annotated individually
if two locations are not separable, they are annotated together (e.g., Rahm⸗Reg.⸗Bez. Düſſeldorf)

specific heuristics

Ireland, when alone: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22890
Great Britain and Ireland, together (1801- 1927): https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174193
Great Britain, when alone: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23666
Berl n / Leipz g to Berlin / Leipzig
Rio is not annotated as Rio de Janerio
Gefängnis is not annotated
LOC.fac: Embassies are annotated if it is clear where they are and in which country they originate
LOC.fac: Stadt-Theater in city x are annotated with the following city, Stadt-Theater without a city are annotated alone, same procedure with Church in city x and branches of banks (e.g., Reichsbankstelle in…)
Yellowstone / Big Horn: LOC.phys without identifier
West indies is a Danish Colony in the Caribbean: annotated
Westaustralien is a state in Australia: annotated
Windsor is annotated as LOC.adm
El Salvador is annotated as LOC.adm
Vereinigte Staaten von Nordamerika, Etats Unis (franz. Name) is annotated as USA
Vereinigte Staaten are not annoted
Goldküste is annotated as LOC.adm
Rio is not annotated as Rio de Janerio

Tricky cases for Location

Kolonie Bourbon

<LOC.adm>Kolonie Bourbon</LOC.adm>

Königsberg

<LOC.adm>Königsberg</LOC.adm>

Königsberg in Pr.

<LOC.adm>Königsberg in Pr.</LOC.adm>

Berlin Breitestaße No 20

<loc.adm> Berlin </loc.adm>
<loc.add> Breitestaße No 20 </loc.add> 

Garnison Mühlberg

<LOC.fac> Garnison Mühlberg</LOC.fac>

EVENT

Schlacht an der Katzbach: specific (specific in space and time)
1. Kongress der russischen Ärzte: specific
Geburt des jungen Prinzen: not specific

DATE

Ein u. Zwanzigſten März 1836 -> annotated
21ster d. Mts -> not specific -> not annotated
Ende Dezember 1831: not specific -> not annotated
Dezember 1831: specific -> annotated
1876/77: only 1876 -> annotated/ identifier added
1. Juli 1837 bis Ende Dezember 1838: annotated as TIME.range and TIME.date.abs is added to individual dates

specific heuristics

Michaelis d. J. -> 29. September

Tricky cases for DATE

Juli 1837 bis Ende Dezember 1838

<TIME.range>
    <TIME.date.abs>1. Juli 1837</TIME.date.abs>
    bis
    <TIME.date.abs>Ende Dezember 1838</TIME.date.abs>
</TIME.range>

PROD.media

names Preußischer Staatsanzeiger: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55257346

Ther are multiple names for the Reichanzeiger newspapaer (https://digi.bib.uni-mannheim.de/periodika/reichsanzeiger/).

specific heuristics

Bundes-Gesetzblatt is annotated as PROD.media

Entity linking

entities are linked against Wikidata
nested entities are linked unless the main entity is PER.ind
All types of entities except for components and TIME.range are linked
LOC.adm: only linked to address if a Wikipedia article with the exact name of the address exists (in our dataset no such Wikipedia articles existed)
If the historical referent differs from the current referent (e.g., Reichsgaue Sudetenland) the historical Wikidata entry is linked. If there is no historical referent, the current Wikidata entry is linked.
different iterations of the same organisation (e.g., the Reichstag) are not linked to the specific iteration (e.g., 10. Reichstag) but the general wikidata entry (Reichstag - Wikidata)
abbreviations are linked as well if they can be clearly attributed (e.g., SS)
in case of a metonymy of PER.coll, PER.ind and ORG.ent (e.g., Firma Gebrüder F. J. Badart -> both ORG.ent and PER.coll) the entities are not linked because distinction is too difficult
parties with generic names (e.g., liberale Partei) are not linked
if a LOC.adm is both city and district we use the identifier of the city unless it is known that the district is meant
for lists of administrative areas (e.g., Regierungsbezirken Arnsberg, Düsseldorf, Potsdam, Hamburg) the identifier of the administrative area in the beginning (e.g., Regierungsbezirk) is used

specific heuristics

argentinische Republik is linked
Senegambien linked as British Senegambien
Puerto Rico is not linked
Tokio before 1889 is not linked
Tokio after 1889 is linked as Tokio - Wikidata
Römisches Reich is linked as Ancient Rome - Wikidata
Malta is linked as Island of Malta - Wikidata
Württemberg from 1806 to 1918: Kingdom of Württemberg - Wikidata
Nordamerika -> Kontinent is linked as Nordamerika - Wikidata
Goldküste is annotated because its a LOC.adm but no identifier because its not clear which LOC.adm is meant
Cordoba is not linked

References

[1] Ehrmann, Watter, Romanello, & Clematide. (2019). Impresso Named Entity Annotation Guidelines (2.1). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3585750

[2] Romanello, Matteo, & Najem-Meyer, Sven. (2022). Guidelines for the Annotation of Named Entities in the Domain of Classics (18.03.2022). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6368101

[3] Ahmed Hamdi, Elvys Linhares Pontes, & Antoine Doucet. (2021). Annotation Guidelines for Named Entity Recognition, Entity Linking and Stance Detection (v3.1). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574199

[4] Menzel, Sina, Zinck, Josefine, & Petras, Vivien. (2020). Guidelines for Full Text Annotations in the SoNAR (IDH) Corpus (2.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5116015

[5] Sophie Rosset, Cyril Grouin & Pierre Zweigenbaum. (2011). Entités nommées structurées: guide d’annotation Quaero. [pdf]

[6] Cyril Grouin, Sophie Rosset, Pierre Zweigenbaum, Karën Fort, Olivier Galibert, and Ludovic Quintard. (2011). Proposal for an Extension of Traditional Named Entities: From Guidelines to Evaluation, an Overview. In Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop, pages 92–100, Portland, Oregon, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics. [pdf]